The Peace Process at Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was a peace agreement signed after WW1. The treaty was signed at the Versailles Palace and it was between Germany and the Allies. The Palace was considered the most appropriate place to have the treaty signed because of its size and because many people were involved in the process and the final signing in the Hall of Mirrors.

The Peace Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919. The treaty consisted 440 Articles and it was first presented to Germany on 7 May 1919. The Allies gave Germany two weeks to accept the treaty and they sent back a list of complaints but finally agreed to accept it. It is often told that the treaty supported the rise of the Nazis in 1930s Germany, which then led to the outbreak of World War II.

"The Palace of Versailles was the official residence of the Kings of France from 1682 until 1790. It was originally a hunting lodge, built in 1624, by Louis XIII. It was expanded by Louis XIV beginning in 1669. He used it as a little lodge as a secret refuge for his amorous trysts with the lovely Louise de la Valliere and built a fairy tale park around it. Jules Hardouin Mansart, the king's principal architect, drew the plans to enlarge what was turning more and more into a palace from A Thousand and One Nights. The terrace that overlooked the gardens was removed to make way for the magnificent Hall of Mirrors, the Galarie de Glaces. It is here from which the king radiated his power and where the destiny of Europe was decided over a century. The French classical architecture was complemented by extensive gardens."

"The main terms of the Versailles Treaty were: the surrender of all German colonies as League of Nations mandates, the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France, cession of Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium, Memel to Lithuania, the Hultschin district to Czechoslovakia, Poznania, parts of East Prussia and Upper Silesia to Poland; Danzig to become a free city; plebiscites to be held in northern Schleswig to settle the Danish-German frontier; occupation and special status for the Saar under French control; (8) demilitarization and a fifteen-year occupation of the Rhineland; German reparations of £6,600 million; a ban on the union of Germany and Austria; an acceptance of Germany's guilt in causing the war; provision for the trial of the former Kaiser and other war leaders; limitation of Germany's army to 100,000 men with no conscription, no tanks, no heavy artillery, no poison-gas supplies, no aircraft and no airships; the limitation of the German Navy to vessels under 100,000 tons, with no submarines."

On June 28, two German men signed the treaty. The signing ceremony brought the final act of the Great War to an end. No one knew this would have an effect twenty years later with more terrible consequences."Three contributing factors that lead to the defeat of the Treaty of Versailles were the strength of opposing forces, opposition to the League of Nations, and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's discontent from not being involved in the negotiations of the Treaty's terms." book source

The outbreak of WWI

There were many events and circumstances that led to world war one. The events that led to the outbreak of World War I involves a complicated arrangement of allies and enemies, and to really know what happened we must understand the political system of Europe. The problem was that Germany had no ability to get ready for the dangers it was about to face. The plans they made called for a quick invasion of France and in order to defend itself against Russia, they had to use their plans to attack France.

"A sense of security before World War 1.They formed these alliances with eachother for protection and to guarente that other members of the alliance would come to the country's aid if attacked. Although alliances provided protection, the system also created certian dangers. If war came, the alliance system meant that a number of nations would fight, not only the two involved in a duspute. Alliances could force a counry to go to war against a nation it had no quarrel with. In addition, the terms of many alliances were kept secret. The secrecy also increased the chances that a county might guess wrong about the consequeneces of its actions. The Triple Alliance was made up of 3 countries, Germany, Italy, and Austria. They all agreed to go to war if attacked by Russia. Bismarck also brought Austria and Germany into alliance with Russia. The agreement was known as the "Three Emperor's League" and it was formed in 1881. They all agreed to remain neutral if any of them went to war with another country. In 1890 when Bismarck left office it gave a chance for Russia and France to form an alliance. In 1894, France and Russia agreed to call up troops if any naiton in the Triple Alliance mobilized. Russia and France also agreed to help eachother if either were attacked be Germany."

"World War I was the result of leaders' aggression towards other countries which was supported by the rising nationalism of the European nations. Economic and imperial competition and fear of war prompted military alliances and an arms race, which further escalated the tension contributing to the outbreak of war."

Panama Canal

The Panama Canal is considered one of the most greatest wonders of the world. The first plans for a canal to be built started in 1539 by King Charles V. The beginning of the construction started in 1880 by the French. However the people building it had to work under brutal working conditions. Yellow fever and malaria broke out during this time and about 22,000 people died and before the project was finished, it went bankrupt in 1889.

The Panama Canal is a ship canal that joins the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific ocean. The canal was one of the largest and most difficult projects ever taken on and it had an enormous impact between the two oceans. The Panama canal allowed ships to travel faster and it was a less dangerous route to travel between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. By the time the canal was finished, about 27,500 men had died in the French and American efforts. "The length of the Panama Canal is approximately 51 miles. A trip along the canal from its Atlantic entrance would take you through a 7 mile dredged channel in Limón Bay. The canal then proceeds for a distance of 11.5 miles to the Gatun Locks. This series of three locks raise ships 26 metres to Gatun Lake. It continues south through a channel in Gatun Lake for 32 miles to Gamboa, where the Culebra Cut begins. This channel through the cut is 8 miles long and 150 metres wide."

"Construction of the current Panama Canal began in 1904. Casualties among the workers were much lower due to extensive projects to control yellow fever and malaria, and the canal was completed in ten years, three years ahead of schedule. However, the cost was a phenomenal $350 million, the most expensive operation the US government had ever undertaken. In addition, Panama was paid ten million dollars, plus another quarter million each year, for use of the territory. This was a very large amount of money at the time, and the fees would be raised in 1936 and again in 1955. During construction, the US also established stores, schools, and military bases around the canal."

"The panama Canal is a waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, cut through the narrow neck of land connecting the continents of North and South America. It is the solution of the problem of international commerce that became acute in 1452 when the Eastern Roman Empire fell before the assaults of the Turks." Book source The cargo ship Ancon was the first vessel to travel through the Panama Canal on August 15, 1914. A boat coming from New York to San Francisco was told to save about 7,872 miles by using it instead of going around Cape Horn. The canal was all in all a great turn out and it became a very well used path for ships.

"In the early years of oceanic commerce, ships carrying goods between Europe and the Far East had to travel a long, circuitous 12,000-mile (19,308 km) route around the continent of South America. As early as the 1500s, Spanish rulers first explored the idea of creating a canal through the Isthmus of Panama to drastically reduce travel time. In 1903, a treaty between Panama and the United States finally paved the way for the construction of the Panama Canal, a massive feat of engineering which not only united two oceans, the Atlantic and the Pacific, but opened an invaluable artery for international trade." Book source

Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858. He was born into A Dutch family in New York. At the age eighteen he attended Harvard college and overall he ended up spending four years there. After Harvard he went to Germany and entered into politics. He was then shortly after elected to be the Assembly Of New York State. "Theodore was one of the few presidents whose life, or at least the pubic image of his life, is even more important historically than his accomplishments as our chief executive officer. He said that, "I believe that men and women stand on an equality of right, but I do not believe that equality of right means equality of function, and I am more and more concvinced that the great field, the indispensable" ( book source)

Theodore wanted to leave behind something that people would remember him by. He wanted and believed that expanding American power would change the world. In order for him to do this, he knew he had to built a strong navy. So President Roosevelt decided to build a waterway. The canal was originally going to be built in Nicaragua or Panama. When he finally got permission and the money to build the canal, he began to construct it and it was decided that it would be built in Panama. This was one of the many things that made his presidency so remarkable.

Theodore wasn't like most people he stood out and made a difference. He became president when he was 42 and it was said that he was the youngest president of the time. One of the remarkable things about his presidency was him being the first American president to go down in a submarine and up in a plane. (in class notes)

Theodore Roosevelt was the first president awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. He was given it in 1906 for his work in the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Portsmouth. It was the action that led to ending of the Russo-Japanese War. This made him the first American to win a Nobel Prize. This was also another thing that was remarkable during his presidency. "Theodore Roosevelt has been called the first modern president because of his willingness to use the power of the presidency to intervene in the economy to promote the general good. American history, with a few exceptions, was until Roosevelt dominated by Congress. Roosevelt's was an activist and his view of the presidency was that he could act as long as it was not probited by the Constitution or law. He saw his most powerful tool as what he called the "bully pulpit". He achieved a range of accomplishments, but is probably best known for trust busting and building the Panama Canal. Also important but often less noted is major expansion of the U.S. Navy."

During Theodore's presidency he showed characteristics of a strong leader. He wasn't just remarkable for what he did, but how he came across in doing it. Towards the end of his life, he was a major force for the military. What he did during his presidency had many affects on every American today and his name is still remembered to this day as one of the most remarkable presidents ever.

-thank you for letting me paste it back on here-

America’s participation in the Spanish-American War.

The United States declared war on Spain on April 25,1898. The signing of the Treaty of Paris was what ended the war. The result of it all was that Spain lost its control over the empire such as isalnds of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam. For the U.S. in June when the Marines captured Guantánamo Bay and 17,000 troops was when the war began for began for the United States.

The Spanish-American War was a conflict between Spain and the United States that took place from April to August 1898. The war finally ended, with the victory for the United States.This signaled the end of the Spanish empire. A cause of the Spanish-American War was revulsion among Americans tactics of Spain to suppress a revolt in Cuba. The immediate cause of the War was the sinking of the U. S. S. Maine in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. The cause of the sinking was never completely proven but it was openly showed within the public.

The United States had about 20,000 troops that participated in the war. Most of the 200,000 troops were volenteers who were recruited in the United States at the time of the war. Only about a third of them saw action or was invlolved in action in Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Lots of americans believed that the future of the nation was to play an active role in the worldwide fight for possessions. America’s victory against the spanish conflict marked the start of the United States as a world power

Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt was born on October 27, 1858 in New York. Teddy was known to be a weak and asthmatic child who grew up to be one of the most ambitious presidents ever known. He was born into a wealthy family, his father was merchant and banker. His parents took him on trips to Europe while he was young, initially to help improve his health. Teddy worked out in a gymnasium to build some muscle and strength and later by boxing. Teddy in his teens developed a love for travel and began to have interest in politics and writing.

Theodore Roosevelt was called T.R. and he was also the youngest president but he most remembered for his energy he put into his work and his achievements. He was a leader of the Republican Party. He attended Harvard, where he boxed and a year or so after he graduated he ran for a seat in the state legislature. Teddy had many opportunities, his best one came at the expense of another person's death. In September of 1901, McKinley was shaking hands with the people at the American Exposition when a young man walked up to him and shot him twice. Doctors had said that he would survive , but he ended up dying on September 14th 1901,

Theodore Roosevelt became president on September 14, 901 when President McKinley was assassinated in Buffalo, New York while visiting an exhibit. During this time Teddy was vice president for him, so when he was killed he became the 26th president and the youngest ever. Because he had only been vice-president for six months, so the result of this was that he had to serve a full first term. He was re elected in 1904 and he made a decision that this would be his last full term.

During his time as President, Teddy pointed the United States in a better direction into world politics. President Theodore was well aware that there needed to a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In 1903, construction of the Panama Canal began under his watch. He was also known for his skill in foreign policy. Teddy won the adoption of the Drago Doctrine, which helped prevent the use of collecting foreign debts. This issue became important to the United States and they became more involved with other countries.

World Fair of 1893

The World's Fair was held in Chicago in 1893. It was to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival to the New World. The fair was designed by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted. The event covered more than 600 acres and had 200 new buildings. The fair had a very unique effect on architecture, the arts, and Chicago's image. The fair had a huge influence on all the World's Fairs. Many of the ideas there have shaped modern America. Its legacy ranges from popular and high culture to changes in the nation's power.

" The fair was one of the most widely attended events of the nineteenth- century United States. More than 27 million people visited the 200 gaudy buildings erected at the sprawling fairgrounds south of downtown Chicago at a time when the total population was only 63 million. The fair's 65,00 exhibits presented a truimphant history of american innovation and promised a great future for the prosperous nation." book internet

"The World's Exposition, which was commemorarted the 400th anniversary of Columbus's voyage to america, was held from April to October in 1893. The monumental event welcomed twenty-eight million visitors, covered six hundred acres of land, boasted dozens of architectural wonders, and was home to some sixty-five thousand exhibits from all over the world." book internet

The World Fair's is a good example of the Gilded Age which characterized the industrial growth and class violence that started the era of reconstruction. When the World Fair opened only 28 years had passed since the end of the Civil War. The cost to enter the fair were and twenty-five cents for the kids and fifty cents for adults to enter. Though it was very expensive for most people, it was worth spending the money on it.

At the fair people enjoyed all kinds of fun. There were theaters, music, shopping and consessions to entertain the them. There was a circus with animals and the most important ride there was the first Ferris wheel that held over 2,000 people at a time. And still today it is used in modern fairs.

Obama's health care plan

President Obama signed the Children’s Health Insurance Act on February 4, 2009. It provides health care to 11 million kids. He had said in which 4 million who were already previously uninsured. The Act protects health coverage for 7 million Americans who lose their jobs. It also invests $19 billion in computerized medical records that will help to reduce costs and improve quality. Obama tells us that $1 billion will go toward the prevention and wellness to improve the health of people and help to lower the costs for health care. He said that also $500 million will go toward the health workforce to help train the next generation of people to bring up doctors and nurses.

The united states spends about $2 trillion on health care every year for people. It offers the best medical technology and research in the world today. Yet many people cant pay for health insurance. It was said that less than 4 cent is spend on prevention and public health. Supposedly to Obama he said that with his health care plan he can fix this and many other problems we have within our health care system. "It will provide more security and stability to those who have health insurance. it will provide insurance to those who don't. And it will lower the cost of health care for our families, our businesses, and our government." Barack Obama

Obama's health care will provide coverage for all children and provide affordable health insurance for all Americans, regardless of illness or pre-existing conditions. The downside is it will require employers to contribute to workers’ health care insurance. but will offer small businesses a refundable tax credit of up to 50%. The president had said he would pay for his plan by falling back on Bush's tax cuts and making $250,000 a year. He has not said to when this plan will be passed and has not said that it will bring a great change.

Radical Reconstruction

The radical reconstruction was a time during which the states that had followed the Confederacy were controlled by the federal government. When the Confederate forces surrendered in April 1865, the American Army started out on a mission, the postwar that determined process of reconstruction. The president at the time viewed the reconstruction as a weapon to remove Southerners from their allegiance to the Confederacy and end the war sooner. The radical reconstruction in the South attempted to deal with the problems that the Civil War had left and the get rid of slavery. " The driving force of Radical ideology was the Utopian vision of a nation whose citizens enjoyed equality of civil and political rights secured by a powerful and beneficent national state. With the radical reconstruction, the civil war wedded new conception of powers and potentialities of the national state. More fully than the Republicans, the Radicals embraced the wartime expansion of national authority, determined now to allow federalism and state' rights to obstruct a sweeping national effort to define and protect the rights of citizens." Book Internet

"Period after the American Civil War in which attempts were made to solve the political, social, and economic problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 Confederate states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war. Pres. Abraham Lincoln planned to readmit states in which at least 10% of the voters had pledged loyalty to the Union. This lenient approach was opposed by the Radical Republicans, who favoured the harsher measures passed in the Wade-Davis Bill." Book Internet 'After the North defeated the South in the Civil War, politicians faced the task of putting the divided country back together. There was great debate about how severely the former Confederate states should be punished for leaving the Union. With the assassination of President Lincoln in 1865, it was up to President Andrew Johnson to try to reunite former enemies. The Reconstruction Acts of 1867 laid out the process for readmitting Southern states into the Union." (Reconstruction)

The radical Reconstruction was the violent, dramatic, and still considered a conflicting era following the Civil War. "Even among the Republicans in Congress, there was considerable disagreement about the proper approach to Reconstruction—disagreements that reflected the same factional division (between the party's Conservatives and Radicals) that had created disputes during the war over emancipation. The Conservatives advocated a mild peace and the rapid restoration of the defeated states to the Union; they insisted that the South accept the abolition of slavery; but beyond that they did not propose to interfere with race relations or to alter the social system of the region. Some Radicals favored granting suffrage to the former slaves, as a matter of right or as a means of creating a Republican electorate in the South. Other Radicals hesitated to state a position for fear of alienating public opinion— few Northern states permitted blacks to vote." (reconstructing the nation)

"The constitutional amendments and legislative reforms that laid the foundation for the most radical phase of Reconstruction were adopted from 1865 to 1871. By the 1870s, Reconstruction had made some progress in providing Freedmen with equal rights under the law, and they were voting and taking political office. Republican legislatures, coalitions of whites and blacks, established the first public school systems in the South. Beginning in 1874, however, there was a rise in white paramilitary organizations, such as the White League and Red Shirts, whose political aim was to drive out the Republicans. They also disrupted organizing and terrorized blacks to bar them from the polls.[2] From 1873 to 1877, conservative white Democrats (calling themselves "Redeemers") regained power in the states." (Reconstruction era of the United States)

"The Republican radicals (ultra-liberals) in Congress had very different ideas about Reconstruction. They thought Lincoln was "too soft" on the South, and wanted to “revolutionize Southern habits, institutions and manners”; they wanted to see the South rebuilt according to a new order. Northern Republican newspapers such as the New York Tribune agreed. Radical believed that the South should be treated as "conquered provinces, and that the rebel states had committed "political suicide." They claimed that no state governments could exist in the South until Congress restored them under any conditions it deemed necessary." (Reconstruction)

Ulysses S Grant

Ulysses S Grant was the commander of the Union army during the Civil war and president in 1869. He was said to not have a good political background nor was he a person with great person when it came to divine power or devotion to others. When he was asked to be one of the generals for the was he felt a great obligation to help, so he left his wife and children. Within the war Grant had failed many times, but he was given many chances to redeem himself.

Some people say that Grant was the hero of the Civil war and others say he didnt do a good job. As the battles continued on many began to question Grant's military leadership. At the battle of Shiloh, he fought one of the bloodiest battles during the war. Some wanted for him to be replaced with someone with more experience but President Lincoln did not agree because he knew he couldnt find a man who would fight quite like Grant. Grant was determined to move on towards victory with the help of Lincoln's support.

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Lincoln's worldview

Lincoln's worldview consisted off slavery and economic policy but were matters he had to deal with. During his childhood, he grew up around the church and the religious life, but in his later years he started to drift away from it and take on more secular ideas, which he based off of his worldview. Yet even though he knew about God, he stayed away from church and wanted nothing to do with redemption and Jesus. His worldview was one that was known to very unique, his wife had said he was a " religious man" but he chose to do things on his own. It has been told that he did not want any sort of a relationship with God.

When Lincoln started to become a man, many things started to influence him. He began to read and study the teaching of the 18Th century philosophers. Though he believed there was a God, there teachings began to influence what he believed. So though he knew about God, the philosophers spoke down about him and were totally against any sort of religion. His worldview was a mixture of things, it sounds to me as if he wasn't sure what he believed or wanted so he took many other people's ideas and made it into his own worldview.

"In Lincoln, Land, and Labor the French scholar Olivier Fraysse traces Lincoln's problematic relationship with and ideas about the land and those who worked it, revealing Lincoln as as intelligent and ambitious man who in fact turned his back on his rural roots for a time in favor of the opportunities offered in law and politics. In revealing Lincoln's estrangement from the rural masses and analyzing his perception of the differences between free and slave labor, Fraysse illuminates Lincoln's ideas on agriculture and industry, the disposal of public lands, and the place of blacks and Indians in American life." Book.Internet

" He evidently grasped how interdependent governments were, whether monarchies or republics, and what a useful emollient diplomacy might be. Ideology could be set aside in the cause of his worldview, just as Churchill was to swallow his anti-Communist ideals when it came to saving Europe from the Nazis. Book. Internet "Lincoln’s ideas, whatever they were, were not easy to grasp. While he accepted the notion of providence, and referred to it often, he rarely spoke publicly of Jesus Christ. In New Salem Lincoln associated with freethinkers who doubted the divinity of Jesus, and he wrote an essay mocking the idea that Jesus was the son of God. Lincoln’s friends, anxious to protect his budding political career, threw the manuscript into the fire." Internet. source

Lincoln's worldview came from a mixture of things. He developed it from everything that went on in his life. His influence came from his parents, being president, people around him and simply everything going on during his lifetime. "Abraham Lincoln's religious beliefs are a matter of controversy. Lincoln frequently referenced God and quoted the Bible, yet never formally joined any church. He was private about his beliefs and respected the beliefs of others. Since his assassination, many attempts have been made to define his beliefs as either religious or secular. He was said to be an admirer of the deist author Thomas Paine. According to biographer Rev. William Barton, Lincoln likely had written an essay something of this character, but it was not likely that it was burned in such a manner. While Lincoln never joined any church, there is disagreement about whether he experienced a conversion to Christianity later in life, particularly during his tenure as president." Internet. source (class notes)

the greatest subject ive learned this semester

The most important thing I have learned about this semester is about Renaissance music and the scientific revolution. I have learned lots of information this semester and all in all it has been a good year. I think the reason why i picked these two has the most important is because both were very interesting to me and i liked learning about them.

The music of Renaissance was European classical music written around 1400 to 1600. Music during this time had some major changes throughout the Renaissance. The violin, flute and organ were developed. Music was less important before this time and it was performed only in churches and it began to be part of the entertainment for the theater. During 1600 to 1750, music required a great number of singers and players. This type of Renaissance music began in Florence, Italy. They were trying to revive the Greek drama but they produced something new, which was known as opera.

The Renaissance was the golden age of the cappella style. Cappella was when singers sang without instruments. During this period vocal music was still more important than instrumental music. Secular music is non-religious music that started to become more popular. Instrumental music and dance music also started to become popular. Madrigals was secular music that became popular during the Renaissance. These type of songs were performed in groups of four, five, or six people. They were usually known as love songs.

Most of the music of this period had to do with religious matters. Practically all the music was composed for the Church. Most of rthe songs were not accompanied by any sort of instrument. Also most of the music was written and sung in Latin. Later on the music began to change songs written about love or poetry. The role of music was very important to the people that lived during the Renaissance. The culture, money, and trade brought new ideas for music. Composers started to develop new ways to make music with all of the new money.

The Scientific Revolution it was not marked be the rapid change and overthrow of traditional authority that we normally associate with the word revolution. It did overturn centuries of scientific. Many educated Europeans took an intense interest in the world around them. Medieval "natural philosophers" as medieval scientists were known during the Scientific Revolution. Renaisssance artists also made a huge impact on scientific study. Their desire to imitate nature led them to make a close observation of nature. Their aacurate paintings of rocks, plants, animals, and human anatomy established new standards for the study of natural objects.

The English bill of rights

The English Bill of Rights came into being during the Revolution of 1688. During this time, King James II fled from England. He was succeeded by his daughter, Mary. Later on Parliament proposed a Declaration of Rights and presented it on February 13, 1689. When Mary accepted the declaration, Parliament proclaimed her queen of England. Parliament then proposed the amended bill as the Bill of Rights on December 16, 1689. The Bill of Rights had a significant impact on U.S. law. Especially within its provisions becoming part of the U.S. Constitution.

The Bill of Rights was an act of the Parliament of England, whose formal name is Declaring Rights and Liberties of the Subject. The Bill of Rights is accompanied by the Magna Carta as some of the basic documents of the British constitution. The Bill of Rights laid out certain basic tenets for, at the time, all Englishmen. These rights continue to apply today, not only in the united states but also in England.

In 1776, the founding fathers wrote the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights is the people's rights that protect them from the government. Their documents helped build a new, strong, and glorious nation, called the United States of America. There are twenty seven amendments within the Bill of rights but only ten are orginally known or used.

The Act containing the Bill of Rights said that King James had attempted to overturn the laws of the country and tried to destroy the Protestantism. Because of this the Bill declares that all activities are illegal, and makes clear that the king is subject to the law, and that laws are instituted by Parliament. The Bill of Rights combined past grievances against the king with only basic liberties. It kept the monarch from suspending laws or taxes duties without Parliament's consent. It proclaimed specific liberties, including freedom of elections, and debate in Parliament.

The Bill of Rights includes a huge range of protections with a common theme and purpose. It defines the individual freedom in the United States. The states ratified the Bill of Rights in 1791, three years after the Constitution came into play. The Bill of Rights orginally applied only to the federal government, but the Supreme Court decided that most of its provisions applied to all the states. Many countries today have used the Bill of Rights as a good model for defining civil liberties.

Book source: Author unknown."Bill of Rights: overview". San Diego Union-Tribune. April 25, 2009

Music Of the Renaissance

The music of Renaissance was European classical music written around 1400 to 1600. Music during this time had some major changes throughout the Renaissance. The violin, flute and organ were developed. Music was less important before this time and it was performed only in churches and it began to be part of the entertainment for the theater. During 1600 to 1750, music required a great number of singers and players. This type of Renaissance music began in Florence, Italy. They were trying to revive the Greek drama but they produced something new, which was known as opera.

Most of the music of this period had to do with religious matters. Practically all the music was composed for the Church. Most of rthe songs were not accompanied by any sort of instrument. Also most of the music was written and sung in Latin. Later on the music began to change songs written about love or poetry. The role of music was very important to the people that lived during the Renaissance. The culture, money, and trade brought new ideas for music. Composers started to develop new ways to make music with all of the new money.

The Renaissance was the golden age of the cappella style. Cappella was when singers sang without instruments. During this period vocal music was still more important than instrumental music. Secular music is non-religious music that started to become more popular. Instrumental music and dance music also started to become popular. Madrigals was secular music that became popular during the Renaissance. These type of songs were performed in groups of four, five, or six people. They were usually known as love songs.